Mathematically it can be expressed as: Y = b It has been recorded that body size is allometrically related with basal metabolism, reproduction rate, mortality rate and population abundance. Determining how these phenomena arise from energetic, evolutionary and physiological constraints and inter-species interactions is necessary to understand community structuring processes ( Pawar et al., 2015 Momo, 2017 Piovia-Scott et al., 2017). Thus, characterizing population fluctuations through demographic patterns ( Barbier and Loreau, 2019) allows assessing the energy requirements used by a community ( Damuth, 1987, 1993 Brown, 1995), and the indirect effects of top predators on the basal resource through interaction with some intermediate species, i.e., trophic cascade ( Terborgh et al., 2001, 2010). Predator density is usually limited by metabolic rate and prey abundance ( Carbone and Gittleman, 2002), and the coexistence between predators and prey requires mechanisms that allow for the maintenance of an adequate level of resources for each species to persist ( Chesson, 2000). Predation is a biological interaction that impacts community structure ( Marquet, 2002 Hatton et al., 2015 Brose et al., 2019) and due to the extinction of large carnivores ( Ripple and Beschta, 2007 Atkins et al., 2019) it is reasonable to expect profound modifications to ecosystems ( Ripple et al., 2014).
Finally, we discuss potential extensions and applications of our modeling approach. Furthermore, larger predators have a more significant impact on the intensity of the trophic cascade than smaller predators. We obtain the negative relationship between body size and density of intermediate consumers and discuss the energy equivalence rule. Our results suggest that the body sizes of consumer species strongly affect the size-density relations and energy requirements. In this model, we characterize coexistence through body size-dependent net reproductive rates. Considering the above, we conducted a theoretical study that implements a Rosenzweig-MacArthur type model, which represents a three-level chain that integrates body sizes and includes a Holling type I functional response.
This raises the question of how species body size directly or indirectly affects the demographic patterns that enable coexistence. The body size is considered a key feature to explain community-scale phenomena, energetic, and evolutionary constraints. In the current ecological crisis, there is a need to better understand the conditions of coexistence between predators, prey and their resources. Predation is a biological interaction that influences demographic patterns by modifying community structure.
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